Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in collaboration with Central Institute of Petrochemicals and Engineering Technology (CIPET): Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Bhubaneswar has developed biodegradable films using guar gum, a widely available biopolymer and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). It is an intelligent technological advancement for the economical & environmental solution for the plastics packaging films. Biodegradable films are alternative to commercial petroleum based films.

The electron gun can also be used for various extraction voltage and corresponding beam current extractions and can also be easily operated in Triode mode with a grid bias.

1. Develop biodegradable films present an attractive alternative to petroleum based polymers like LLDPE, LDPE, HDPE, PP etc.
2. Concentrations of additives can be easily modified to tailor film properties.
3. Can be prepared using industrially available extrusion processing

1. Biodegradable films can be used as general purpose packaging material such as carry bags
2. Can be used for food packaging

INTRODUCTION

In the past twenty years, the production and use of plastics in the world has increased enormously to about 295 million metric tons per year. Packaging constitutes the largest market for plastics, amounting to over 34 percent of total plastics produced. Increasing demand for synthetic packaging materials has put tremendous pressure on the environment because of their poor biodegradability and non-renewability. This has led to a search for packaging materials that are biodegradable as well as recyclable. One of the alternatives is the development of packaging material from biopolymers (i.e. protein, polysaccharide and lipid) that are biodegradable, non-toxic and derived from completely renewable resources. Among the biopolymers, polysaccharides are the most widely used for preparation of packaging films.

Most widely studied polysaccharides biodegradable films are: starch, chitosan, carrageenan, and galactomannans. However, there are several limitations in the use of biopolymers as packaging materials such as their relatively poor mechanical strength and lower barrier to water and gases like CO₂ and O₂ as compared to their non-biodegradable counterparts. This has resulted in a greater focus on improving the properties of these polymers to match the commercially available packaging material. Various methods including addition of plasticizer, chemical modifications, gamma radiation and use of different additives for improving properties of natural biopolymer based films are reported in literature. However, generally in literature preparation of biodegradable films are detailed by solvent casting technique which is extremely difficult to scale up industrially. Therefore, there is a need for technology to prepare biodegradable films employing extrusion processing which can be easily scale up industrially. Currently available commercial thermoplastic polymers amenable for extrusion processing such as poly lactic acid (PLA), poly butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and Poly Hydroxy Alkanoates (PHA) have disadvantage for very high cost.

Preparation of biodegradable films using extrusion processing having comparable cost to that to petroleum based polymers is required. Guar gum is a biopolymer and is widely available in India. In present technology, suitable methodology is described to prepare films from guar gum employing extrusion technology.

1. Can be easily prepared using locally available raw materials.
2. Have suitable mechanical and barrier properties for general purpose packaging applications and food packaging applications
3. Easy process which is amenable for industrial scale up

1. Can be used for general purpose packaging
2. Can be used for making carry bags
3. Can be used for food packaging

TECHNOLOGY IN BRIEF

Proposed technology is methodology for preparing biodegradable films using extrusion process. Process involves three steps: 1) Preparation of plasticized guar gum 2) Making compound of plasticized guar gum and poly vinyl alcohol in twin screw extruder 3) Making films by blown film extrusion

1. Preparation of plasticized guar gum: Plasticized guar gum is prepared by mixing guar gum with suitable plasticizers and additives and subjecting the mixture to desired time temperature conditions.
2. Making compound of plasticized guar gum and PVA: Plasticized guar gum obtained above is mixed with desired grade of PVA and mixture is subjected to twin screw extrusion in presence of compatibilizer. Strands obtained are cut in form of pellets.
3. Making of films by blown film extrusion: Pellets obtained above are then subjected to blown film extrusion in a single screw extruder and films are formed.

RAW MATERIALS

1. Guar gum
2. Poly vinyl alcohol
3. Plasticizers and compatibilizers
All the raw materials required are available in the local market.

EQUIPMENTS

1. Twin screw extruder
2. Single screw extruder equipped with blown film attachment
3. Hot air oven
4. Industrial grade powder mixers

SPACE

1. Factory shade of 2000 sq. ft. area (50 ft. x 40 ft) with DM water facilities

POWER

1. Three phase power connection

MANPOWER

1. Minimum two laboratory technician are required for production of one ton of films. Actual manpower would depend on production capacity